There is no official move past the Jews. But the messianic vision of all the nations hearing of Messiah is pursued. That continues on to the end of time.
Romans 10:
14 How then shall they call on Him in whom they have not believed? And how shall they believe in Him of whom they have not heard? And how shall they hear without a preacher? 15 And how shall they preach unless they are sent? As it is written:
“How beautiful are the feet of those who [
b]preach the gospel of peace,
Who bring glad tidings of good things!”
16 But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Isaiah says, “Lord, who has believed our report?” 17 So then faith
comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.
18 But I say, have they not heard? Yes indeed:
“Their sound has gone out to all the earth,
And their words to the ends of the world.”
19 But I say, did Israel not know? First Moses says:
“
I will provoke you to jealousy by those who are not a nation,
I will move you to anger by a foolish nation.”
20 But Isaiah is very bold and says:
“I was found by those who did not seek Me;
I was made manifest to those who did not ask for Me.”
21 But to Israel he says:
“All day long I have stretched out My hands
To a disobedient and contrary people.”
Here you have it. A move past the Jews. However, you again have to notice what Moses says. "I will provoke you to jealousy..." If what you say is true, then this is not true.
The remnant has been saved all down through time (see the 1st 4 verses of ch11), there is no waiting some predetermined period for the rest of it.
" I say then, has God cast away His people? Certainly not! For I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham,
of the tribe of Benjamin. 2 God has not cast away His people whom He foreknew. Or do you not know what the Scripture says of Elijah, how he pleads with God against Israel, saying, 3 “Lord, they have killed Your prophets and torn down Your altars, and I alone am left, and they seek my life”? 4 But what does the divine response say to him? “I have reserved for Myself seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee to Baal.”"
Yes, the main argument of Paul is found here, but you missed it. What is Paul's question? "Has God cast away His people [Israel]? No. No He hasn't. So no matter how it looked it Paul's time, and how it appeared God had turned His back on Israel, we have right here, God's definitive answer through Paul. God has not cast them away. This speaks to FINALITY. Calvinists are right, and there is an elect chosen group of people from before the foundation of the world. Made up of both Jews and Gentiles. Why are you turning it into two programs, where what Paul is saying about the Jews here, was not true also for the Gentiles? Paul's point is that even though it appears that Israel's rejection is final, it is not.
One thing you don't realize you are doing is reading the Isaiah quote in Rom 11 as our future. He was clarifying what was happening then. The Redeemer came to Zion and took away sins (once again you have to know the difference between debt and doing sin to know the importance here; futurists usually say 'this is a period when Israel will be perfectly righteous' but this is not the idea at all.)
"11 I say then, have they stumbled that they should fall? Certainly not!
But through their [b]fall,
to provoke them to jealousy,
salvation has come to the Gentiles. 12 Now if their [
c]fall
is riches for the world, and their failure riches for the Gentiles, how much more their fullness!"
"28
Concerning the gospel they are enemies for your sake, but
concerning the election they are beloved for the sake of the fathers. 29 For the gifts and the calling of God
are irrevocable. 30
For as you were once disobedient to God, yet have now obtained mercy through their disobedience, 31 even so these also have now been disobedient, that through the mercy shown you they also may obtain mercy. 32
For God has [h]committed them all to disobedience, that He might have mercy on all."