If one has not called upon the Name of the Lord, then they are not saved.
And there are no atheists in foxholes. People who are not saved call upon the Lord every day.... and never get saved. They've used the Lord's name in vain, not as an appeal for salvation from sin. They're not interested in submission, or acknowledging their depraved state or
their need for salvation from an inevitable end.
The text cited was not written to them.
The one who can and does call upon the LORD salvifically believes
He exists and rewards those who earnestly seek Him.
So it is about unregenerate non-believers. In fact, the context teaches about those who go about establishing their own righteousness and not submitting themselves unto the righteousness of God (Romans 10:3). Thus, they are unregenerate non-believers.
I disagree. Everything Paul wrote in that chapter is couched in the context he explicitly established in the previous chapter: Not everyone who is a descendant of Abraham is a descendant of Abraham, not all of Israel is Israel, and it is the children of promise, not the flesh
in whom God's word does not fail. To think God's word failed in the lives of those who were fleshly descendants of Abraham, those of the Israel that is not Israel is to necessarily compromise God's omni-attributes. God fails. Paul is not remotely implying God, or His word, can/have/will fail. Paul made this exceedingly clear when he cited Jacob and Esau, explaining the example by saying God's mercy is NOT based on how a person works, or how they will/choose. It is based solely on the will and purpose of God. Strict monergism.
So by the time Paul reaches Romans 10:3 he is talking about apostate people who will NOT be saved. EVER. To be specific to the text, Paul is writing about first century events occurring at the time he wrote that epistle. He is NOT writing about future anything. Well-known, well-stablished theologians screw this up all the time. I just got done reading "
Three Views on Israel and the Church," and one of the most remarkable facts about that book is not a single one of those four theologians ever expounded on verse
11:5. It is an egregious lapse. They're all expounding on the future significance of Israel when the text itself explicitly limits itself to "
at the present time." Yes, the principles contained in the three-chapter exposition can be generalized, but they must be generalized appropriately, exegetically, rationally, not wantonly or eisegetically. People who try to obtain righteousness by works NEVER come to salvation. EVER. They are all already lost.
But God, at
that present time,
had preserved a remnant.
It is strictly monergistic.
There's no mention of whether or not God preserved any remnant for the following century, the one after that, this one or the one two millennia from now. It is an abuse of the text to make those three chapters say otherwise.
Those in verse 10:3 is juxtaposed
against those in verse 10:6. Works versus faith. Works are deadly, faith is salvific. There is no righteousness in the pursuit of the Law. Paul's mention of those Israelites is the mention of the unsaved-never-saved, not the maybe-they-will-be-saved-maybe-they-won't-be-saved. Paul's not speculating anywhere in those three chapters. Those that pursue righteousness solely by the Law are NOT descendants of Abraham that are his descendants of promise, NOT the Israel that is Israel by faith and promise, NOT the children of promise who God has been saving all along, was saving in the first century, and will continue to save in every subsequent generation until He decides to bring the ages of ages to a close.
And, in conclusion (for now)......
Paul then proceeds to use the Old Testament texts to point out Jesus, and point to Jesus in a manner that would otherwise be completely nonsensical and heretical if Jesus were not, in fact, divine. When Paul says, "
Whoever believes in him will not be disappointed," he is implicitly implying those who call on Jesus will not be disappointed. People seeking to obtain righteousness by the Law do not call on Jesus. Those people killed Jesus. They deny his divinity. There is no salvation for anyone denying Jesus' inherent divinity. At best, that belief is a belief that an otherwise ordinary human male can be the salvation of everyone.
That is heretical. Similarly, when Paul states, "
Whoever calls upon the LORD will be saved," he is, again, exploiting an Old Testament prophecy, newly revealing its inescapable inherent truth:
There is no name other than Jesus' by which anyone can (or will ever) be saved. It is the name of the one those who try to obtain righteousness by the Law who put Jesus to death. They were calling upon God in the wholly misguided belief the Law was their means to obtaining righteousness when the truth is that Law testifies about Jesus and his divinity. Children of flesh never inherit anything but wrath from God. The word is NOT within them. They do NOT believe the word that is NOT in them. They believe in a legalism, a legalistic perversion of God's word they invented by fleshly means.
Romans 10 is NOT about that group of people. Romans 10 is about those of Israel that are Israel, the descendants of Abraham that are Abraham's descendants by way of God's promise(s), not flesh (or bloodline, or genetics). God had preserved a remnant..... and
the rest of them were going to reap destruction. simply because they were not children of promise and they sowed to their flesh, not the Spirit that never dwelt within them. God's word had gone out into the world but
hearing but never understanding. God was going to use non-Israel to make Israel jealous (it's not clear in that verse whether Paul means the Israel that is Israel or the Israel that is not Israel) AND He was going to make them angry by a nation who didn't understand. Those who weren't even seeking Him would find Him. How is that possible unless God also
makes (forces) them understand? The juxtaposition is that Israel had been looking, waiting for centuries for the Messiah to come and God was going to make him known to a bunch of people who weren't even looking. It is all prophetic.
It is all also strictly monergistic.
And the repeated use of the Old Testament to make equivalences between the LORD and the Lord necessitate Jesus' divinity. Otherwise, Paul is being heretical, and no one should ever read Paul again.
Psalm 110:1
The LORD says to my lord: “Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.
Acts 2:29-36
“Brothers, I may say to you with confidence about the patriarch David that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day. Being therefore a prophet and, knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him that he would set one of his descendants on his throne, he foresaw and spoke about the resurrection of the Christ, that he was not abandoned to Hades, nor did his flesh see corruption. This Jesus God raised up, and of that we all are witnesses. Being therefore exalted at the right hand of God and, having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this that you yourselves are seeing and hearing. For David did not ascend into the heavens, but he himself says, ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool."' Let all the house of Israel therefore know for certain that God has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom you crucified.”
The house of Israel is not the same as the nation of Israel. The house of Israel existed long before the nation of Israel. Not all Israel is Israel. Those who look to the Law to obtain righteousness will die; they are not the ones who understand Jesus is the word of God that is God made flesh, so the word is not within them. Paul is not writing about that group. He's writing about the remnant of Israel that God had preserved, that would be saved whether they knew it or not, understood it or not, or wanted it or not. Who, after all, wants to be
made jealous and angry by ignorant people?
Besides, it usually bad practice to define a larger narrative by just one verse

.