N.T. Wright's response to Thomas Schreiner centers on fundamental disagreements regarding the nature and meaning of
justification, the role of good works, and the imputation of Christ's righteousness.
Key points of Wright's response to Schreiner:
- Nature of Justification: Wright argues that justification is a forensic (law court) declaration by God that someone is part of his covenant people (ecclesiology), which includes forgiveness of sins. Schreiner, while acknowledging ecclesiological implications, insists justification is primarily a soteriological issue concerning the forgiveness of sins and being declared righteous before God as an individual.
- Imputation of Righteousness: Wright rejects the traditional Protestant concept of "imputation" (Christ's righteousness being transferred to the believer) as a "category mistake," arguing righteousness is not a "substance or a gas" that can be passed around the courtroom. Schreiner argues that imputation is a vital biblical concept, answering the question of how a righteous God can declare ungodly sinners righteous.
- Role of Works in Final Justification: This is a major point of contention. Wright holds that "final justification" at the last judgment will be "in accordance with" a believer's Spirit-inspired works, as evidence of their prior justification by faith. Schreiner and other critics argue this language is too close to a "basis of works" and moves outside the mainstream of the Reformation understanding, which holds that justification is solely on the basis of Christ's work alone, confirmed by faith at the final judgment.
- The Problem in Paul's Day: Wright suggests that Paul's main concern was the exclusion of Gentiles from the covenant community by Jewish "works of the law" (e.g., circumcision, food laws). Schreiner maintains that Paul was primarily confronting a deep-seated legalism and all human effort to achieve acceptance with God, making the debate applicable to individual salvation in any era.
- View of the Reformers: Wright often suggests that the Reformers, particularly Luther, were asking the wrong questions of the text of Paul. Schreiner pushes back, arguing that while exegetical refinements are possible, the Reformers' core insights about justification by faith alone remain true to the biblical text.
The debate between Wright and Schreiner has largely taken place through books (Schreiner's
The Future of Justification: A Response to N.T. Wright and Wright's
Justification: God's Plan and Paul's Vision), articles, and a notable face-to-face discussion at the Evangelical Theological Society (ETS) in 2010. Wright has used these platforms to clarify his position, sometimes adjusting his terminology (e.g., clarifying "in accordance with" versus "on the basis of" works) but largely maintaining his core views.